TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 3rd edition....................................... . XIII CHAPTER ONE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE
by Giuseppe Franco Ferrari
1. Nature and Categories of Legal Systems ...................... . 1
2. Legal and Non-legal Norms: Structure and Relationship ............. . 4
3. The State: Constitutive Elements and Brief Historical Outline ......... . 7
4. Values and Principles ................................. . 10
5. People .......................................... . 12
6. Citizenship ....................................... . 15
7. Territory ........................................ . 18
CHAPTER TWO TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ITALIAN STATE
by Giuseppe Franco Ferrari
1. Premise ......................................... . 21
2. Globalisation and Multi-level Constitutionalism .................. . 25
3. State and International Law: Alternative Solutions and the Italian Option . . . 26
4. The European Legal Order and its Historical Development ........... . 28
CHAPTER THREE FORMS OF STATE AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
by Justin Orlando Frosini
1. Terminological Premise ................................ . 33
2. Forms of State and Forms of Government: Historical Aspects and Development . . 34
2.1. The Feudal Society ................................ . 36
2.2. The Absolute State ................................ . 36
2.3. The Liberal State ................................. . 37
2.4. The Democratic Pluralistic State ........................ . 39
2.5. Alternatives to the democratic pluralistic state ................ . 40
2.5.1. Totalitarian and Authoritarian States ................. . 40
2.5.2. The Socialist State............................ . 41
3. Unitary, Federal and Regional States ........................ . 42
3.1. Allocation of Legislative Power......................... . 43
3.2. Allocation of Judicial Power........................... . 44
3.3. Representation in the Upper House ...................... . 45
3.4. Constitutional Amendment Powers ...................... . 45
3.5. Statutes of Autonomy or Constitutions? .................... . 46
3.6. No Decentralisation without Taxation? .................... . 47
4. Forms of Government: a Synchronic Analysis ................... . 48
4.1. Parliamentary Executive ............................. . 48
4.2. Presidential Executive .............................. . 51
4.3. Directorial Executive ............................... . 52
4.4. Semi-presidential Executive ........................... . 54
CHAPTER FOUR PARLIAMENT
by Lorenzo Cuocolo
1. The Structure: “Perfect Bicameralism†....................... . 57
2. Distinguishing Features of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate ...... . 59
3. Electoral Systems, Incompatibility, Inelectibility and Checks on Powers .... . 62
4. The Status of Members of Parliament ....................... . 65
5. Parliament’s Autonomous Powers .......................... . 68
6. Internal Organisation of the Chambers of Parliament .............. . 69
7. Joint Sessions of Parliament ............................. . 72
8. The Functions of Parliament ............................. . 72
CHAPTER FIVE THE GOVERNMENT
by Antonello Tarzia
1. Historical Profile of the Parliamentary System ................... . 75
2. The Government in the Italian Constitution: Structure, Formation, Organisational Principles and Functions ............................. . 77
2.1. Formation Procedure............................... . 78
2.2. Bodies, Organisational Principles and Functions ............... . 84
2.3. Non-necessary Governmental Bodies ...................... . 87
3. Relationship with Parliament ............................. . 92
4. Auxiliary Bodies .................................... . 94
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CHAPTER SIX PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
by Antonello Tarzia
1. Introduction: Administration and “administrative function†........... . 101
2. Constitutional principles on Administration .................... . 104
2.1. Rights, legitimate expectations and judicial review and judicial review... . 107
3. Administrative measures ............................... . 111
3.1. Features of administrative measures ...................... . 111
3.2. Administrative measures other than “provvedimenti†............ . 113
3.3. Elements of the administrative measures ................... . 113
4. Administrative procedure ............................... . 114
5. Illegality ......................................... . 117
5.1. Non-existence and nullity of administrative measures ............ . 118
5.2. Voidability .................................... . 121
5.3. Mere irregularities ................................ . 122
5.4. Special powers of the Administration to grant administrative remedies by
itself ........................................ . 123
6. Review of invalid administrative measures ..................... . 124
6.1. Appeals before the Administration ....................... . 124
6.2. Appeals before the courts ............................ . 125
7. Changes in the administrative system ........................ . 125
7.1. Decentralisation and the Reform of Title V, Part II of the Constitution . . . 125
7.2. Independent Authorities and Administrative Agencies ............ . 126
7.3. Administrative simplification .......................... . 127
CHAPTER SEVEN THE REGIONS
by Lorenzo Cuocolo
1. Autonomous Territories in the Italian Constitution ................ . 129
2. Special Regions ..................................... . 130
3. Ordinary Regions and the Initial Development of Italian Regionalism ..... . 132
4. Waves of Constitutional Reform: the Reform of 1999 .............. . 134
5. The 2001 Reform ................................... . 137
6. Regional Financial Autonomy ............................ . 141
7. Regional Organisation ................................. . 143
8. Local Government ................................... . 145
9. Requirements of Loyal Cooperation in the New Multi-centred System ..... . 147
CHAPTER EIGHT THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC
by Oreste Pollicino
1. The Role of the President in a Comparative Context ............... . 149
2. The Role of the President of the Republic under the Italian Constitution ... . 151
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3. Subjective Requirements, Election and Term of Office .............. . 153
4. Classification of the Key Constitutional Attributes of the President of the Republic in Relation to the Powers of the Italian State ................. . 156
5. The Tripartition of Presidential Acts ........................ . 157
5.1. Formally Presidential Acts which are Substantively Governmental ..... . 157
5.2. Formally Presidential Acts which are also Substantively Presidential .... . 158
5.2.1. Appointment of Five Constitutional Judges and Five Life Senators . 158
5.2.2. The Granting of Pardons and the Commuting of Punishments . . . 159
5.2.3. Request for a New Deliberation of a Law .............. . 160
5.2.4. The Sending of Messages to the Chambers and the Power to Express
Opinions ................................. . 161
5.3. Substantively Complex Acts ........................... . 162
5.3.1. Appointment of the President of the Council of Ministers ..... . 162
5.3.2. Early Dissolution of the Chambers .................. . 164
6. Irresponsibility of the President of the Republic: the Ministerial Countersignature . 166
7. Presidential Offences ................................. . 168
CHAPTER NINE THE JUDICIARY
by Oreste Pollicino
1. Autonomy of the Judiciary: Innovativeness of the Constitution ......... . 169
2. The “Single Judiciary†Principle and its Exceptions: Special Judiciary ..... . 170
3. Principle of Functional Independence ....................... . 172
4. Institutional Independence of the Ordinary Judiciary: the Superior Council of the
Judiciary ......................................... . 175
4.1. Institutional Independence of the Special Judiciary .............. . 179
5. Constitutional Principles of Judicial Process .................... . 180
6. Organisation of the Ordinary Jurisdiction: Judging Magistrates and Public Prosecutor ......................................... . 181
6.1. Public Prosecutor................................. . 182
7. Liability of the Judiciary ............................... . 183
CHAPTER TEN CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE
by Justin Orlando Frosini
1. Terminological Premise ................................ . 185
2. Models of Constitutional Review .......................... . 186
2.1. The Genesis of Judicial Review: Dr Bonham’s Case ............. . 187
2.2. The US Model of Constitutional Review ................... . 188
2.3. The Austrian Model of Constitutional Review ................ . 189
3. Structure, Composition and Appointment of Constitutional or Supreme Courts . 190
4. The Salient Features of Constitutional Review ................... . 191
4.1. What Constitutional Body carries out Constitutional Review? ....... . 191
4.2. When is Review carried out? .......................... . 192
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4.3. How can a Constitutional Petition be lodged with a Constitutional or
Supreme Court? ................................. . 194
4.4. What Types of Decision can be Taken? .................... . 194
4.5. What Effects do the Decisions of Constitutional or Supreme Courts have? . 196
4.6. Other Functions of Constitutional or Supreme Courts ............ . 196
5. Composition, Functioning and Jurisdiction of the Italian Constitutional Court . 197
6. Constitutional Review in Italy ............................ . 199
6.1. Justiciable Acts .................................. . 199
6.2. The parameter of judgment ........................... . 199
6.3. The Proceedings ................................. . 200
6.3.1. The Incidenter Proceedings ...................... . 200
6.3.2. The Principaliter Proceedings ..................... . 202
6.3.3. A Third Proceeding? Constitutional Review of the Statutes of the
Ordinary Regions ............................ . 203
6.4. The Types of Decision .............................. . 204
6.4.1. Decisions of Inadmissibility ...................... . 205
6.4.2. Judgments of Acceptance and Dismissal................ . 206
6.4.3. Interpretative Judgments ........................ . 206
6.4.4. Manipulative Judgments ........................ . 208
6.4.4.1. Judgments of Partial Acceptance .............. . 208
6.4.4.2. Substitutive Judgments.................... . 208
6.4.4.3. Additive Judgments ..................... . 209
6.4.4. Exhortative Judgments ......................... . 210
7. The other functions of the Italian Constitutional Court ............. . 211
7.1. Resolution of jurisdictional disputes ...................... . 211
7.1.1. Resolution of jurisdictional disputes between branches of
government ............................... . 211
7.1.2. Resolution of jurisdictional disputes between the State and the
Regions.................................. . 213
7.2. Impeachment of the President of the Republic ................ . 214
7.3. Judgment of Admissibility of Abrogative Referendums............ . 215
CHAPTER ELEVEN
ITALIAN SOURCES OF LAW
by Arianna Vedaschi
1. Sources of Law Deriving from Forms of Government and Forms of State . . . 217
1.1. Sources Related to Production and Sources of Production .......... . 218
1.2. Sources of Cognizance .............................. . 218
1.3. Acts and Facts .................................. . 219
2. Interpretation ...................................... . 220
3. Conflicts and Techniques of Resolution ...................... . 221
3.1. Criterion of Chronology ............................. . 221
3.2. Criterion of Hierarchy .............................. . 222
3.3. Criterion of Competence............................. . 222
3.4. Criterion of Specialisation ............................ . 223
4. Constitutional Statutory Limits ............................ . 223
5. Types of National Sources .............................. . 224
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6. Constitutional Sources ................................ . 225
6.1. Constitution.................................... . 225
6.2. Constitutional Amendment Laws........................ . 226
6.3. Procedure ..................................... . 227
7. Primary Sources .................................... . 228
7.1. Ordinary State Law ............................... . 229
7.1.1. Procedure ................................ . 229
7.1.1.1. Who Has Legislative Initiative? .............. . 229
7.1.1.2. Exercise of Legislative Initiative .............. . 230
7.1.1.3. Deliberation ......................... . 231
7.1.1.4. Integration of Effectiveness ................. . 232
7.2. Acts Having Force of Law............................ . 232
7.2.1. Legislative Decrees ........................... . 233
7.2.2. Law Decrees ............................... . 235
7.3. Forms of Anomalous Delegation ........................ . 237
7.4. Abrogative Referendum ............................. . 237
7.4.1. Procedure ................................ . 237
7.5. Rules of Constitutional Bodies ......................... . 239
7.5.1. Parliamentary Standing Orders .................... . 240
7.5.2. Rules of Other Constitutional Bodies ................. . 240
8. Secondary Law Sources ................................ . 241
8.1. Government Regulations ............................ . 241
8.2. Ministerial and Interministerial Regulations ................. . 242
8.3. Decrees of the President of the Council of Ministers ............. . 242
CHAPTER TWELVE REGIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
SOURCES OF LAW
by Arianna Vedaschi
1. Regional Autonomy and the System of Legal Sources .............. . 245
1.1. Statutes of Regions with Special Forms of Autonomy and so-called Statutory
Laws........................................ . 246
1.2. Statutes of Regions with Ordinary Forms of Autonomy ........... . 247
1.2.1. Procedure ................................ . 247
1.2.2. Position in the System of Legal Sources................ . 248
2. Legislative Power: Regional Laws .......................... . 249
2.1. Procedure ..................................... . 250
2.2. Legislative Power of Regions with Special Forms of Autonomy ....... . 251
3. Regional Regulatory Power .............................. . 251
4. Local Autonomy and the System of Legal Sources ................ . 252
4.1. Statutes ...................................... . 253
4.2. Regulations .................................... . 254
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPEAN SOURCES OF LAW AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP WITH DOMESTIC SOURCES OF LAW
by Arianna Vedaschi
1. Law of the European Union: Principle Distinctions ............... . 255
1.1. Primary and Secondary Sources of Law .................... . 255
1.2. Principle of Attribution and Principle of Subsidiarity ............ . 257
2. Types of Sources of Law ............................... . 258
2.1. Non-binding Acts: Recommendations and Opinions ............. . 258
2.2. Binding Acts: Regulations, Directives and Decisions ............. . 258
2.3. Soft Law...................................... . 259
3. Relationship between European Law and Italian Law .............. . 261
3.1. Influence of Primary Sources of European Law ................ . 261
3.2. Influence of Secondary Sources of European Law: Directives ........ . 261
3.3. Influence of Secondary Sources of European Law: Regulations ....... . 262
CHAPTER FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
by Giuseppe Franco Ferrari
1. Historical Perspective: Rights and the Evolution of Constitutionalism ..... . 265
2. Generations of Rights ................................. . 267
3. Individual Rights .................................... . 270
3.1. Personal Freedom and Related Elements ................... . 270
3.2. Personal Domicile ................................ . 271
3.3. Freedom of Correspondence and Information ................. . 272
3.4. Freedom of Movement, Residence and Expatriation ............. . 273
4. Rights of the Public Sphere ............................. . 274
4.1. Freedom of Assembly .............................. . 274
4.2. Freedom of Association ............................. . 275
4.3. Freedom of Religion and Creed......................... . 276
4.4. Freedom of Expression.............................. . 277
5. Social Rights ...................................... . 279
5.1. Education ..................................... . 279
5.2. Healthcare..................................... . 280
5.3. Welfare ...................................... . 282
5.4. Housing ...................................... . 282
6. Economic Rights .................................... . 283
6.1. Right to Property ................................. . 284
6.2. Freedom of Enterprise .............................. . 285
6.3. The Market and Competition .......................... . 286
6.4. Trade Union Rights ............................... . 287
7. Political Rights ..................................... . 288
8. Constitutional Duties ................................. . 289
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